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Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Science
A few miles farther on, we came to a big, gravelly roadcut that looked like an ashfall, a mudflow, glacial till, and fresh oatmeal, imperfectly blended. "I don't know what this glop is," [Kenneth Deffeyes] said, in final capitulation. "You need a new geologist. You need a Californian."
John McPhee, Assembling California, p. 11 [The Noonday Press; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993]
Essays
A Summary of Modern Cosmology [57.5K] 
The Pulse of the Earth, Orogenies & Transgressions [10.1K] 
The "Sin" of Galileo [12.1K]
The Beginning of Modern Science [32.7K]
The Elements and Variety of the Sciences [20.1K]
Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994) [7.6K]
Criticism of Karl Popper in Martin Gardner's Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries? [22.6K]
Criticism of Karl Popper in Anthony O'Hear's An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science [7.9K]
Exchange with Mark Notturo on Popper and Hayek [111.9K]
Childhood's End, the Mystery of Order [29.7K]
All Living Things, in Seven Kingdoms [124.8K]
Creationism & Darwinism, Politics & Economics [26.3K]
Scientific Naturalism and Intelligent Design [32.1K]
Xenophanes [of Colophon] thinks that a mixture of the earth with the sea is going on, and that in time the earth is dissolved by the moist. He says that he has demonstrations of the following kind: shells are found inland, and in the mountains, and in the quarries in Syracuse he says that an impression of a fish and of seaweed has been found, while an impression of a bayleaf was found in Paros in the depth of the rock, and in Malta flat shapes of all marine objects. These, he says, were produced when everything was long ago covered with mud, and the impression was dried in the mud. All mankind is destroyed whenever the earth is carried down into the sea and becomes mud; then there is another beginning of coming-to-be [genesis], and this foundation happens for all the worlds.
Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, G.S. Kirk & J.E. Raven, The Presocratic Philosophers, Cambridge, 1957, 1964, p.177
 Geology & Astronomy
Time in Powers of Ten [11.1K]
The Pulse of the Earth, Orogenies & Transgressions [10.1K]
Human Evolution [30.2K]
The 212 Galaxies of the Coma-Sculptor Cloud [244.2K]
If a Millimeter Were a Year/Light-Year [46.6K]
Comparison of Cosmological Distances with Historical, Paleontological, and Geological Time, as of 1993 [27.6K]
All Living Things, in Seven Kingdoms [124.8K]
Meteorology
S. Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery, Unstoppable Global Warming, Every 1,500 Years, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 [50.8K]
The Beaufort Wind Force Scale, The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale, & the Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity [35.9K]
Clouds
Note on Dew Point
Snow, Sleet, Ice, and Rain
Mathematics
The Golden Ratio and The Fibonacci Numbers [31.6K]
The Continued Fraction for Pi
Imaginary Numbers [42.8K]
Imaginary Powers of Euler's or Napier's Constant
Philosophical Problems with Calculus [34.2K]
Zero Divided by Zero [5.2]
Exchange with Correspondent on Calculus and Imaginary Numbers [52.0K]
Pythagorean Triplets [36.6K]
Duodecimal Counting
Some Properties of Conic Sections [37.5K]
BILL MURRAY: "Ray, for a moment, pretend that I don't know anything about metallurgy, engineering, or physics, and just tell me what the hell is going on."
DAN AYKROYD: "You never studied."
Ghostbusters, 1984, Columbia Pictures
Space and Time
 A Summary of Modern Cosmology [57.5K]
Euclid's Axioms and Postulates [22.7K]
Hilbert's Axioms of Geometry
Platonic and Archimedean Polyhedra [7.8K]
The Clarke-Leibniz Debate (1715-1716)
Three Points in Kant's Theory of Space and Time
Kant's First Antinomy, of Space and Time
Note on the Metaphysic of Space [41.8K]
The Ontology and Cosmology of Non-Euclidean Geometry [43.4K]
§1. Introduction
§2. Curved Space and Non-Euclidean Geometry
§3. Geometry in Einstein's Theory of Relativity
§4. Conclusion
§5. Postscript, 1999
Time Travel Paradoxes [7.0K]
Physics
A Metaphysic of the Forces of Nature in Multiple Dimensions [21.1K]
Relativity and the Separation Formula [28.4K]
Historic Equations in Physics and Astronomy
Units of Measurement
Physical Constants
Einstein's Equivalence Principle
The Quantacized Atom [52.8K]
Kantian Quantum Mechanics [41.8K]
Richard Feynman's Quantum Mechanics
The Sub-Atomic Zoo [18.1K]
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Periodic Table of the Elements [65.6K]
Palle Yourgrau, A World Without Time, The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein, Basic Books, 2005 [24.5K]
The Emperor's New Mind, Roger Penrose, Oxford University Press, 1990 [14.6K]
Childhood's End, the Mystery of Order [29.7K]
Coordinated Flight [13.0K]
 This is the third of four lectures on a rather difficult subject -- the theory of quantum electrodynamics -- and since there are obviously more people here tonight than there were before, some of you haven't heard the other two lectures and will find this lecture incomprehensible. Those of you who have heard the other two lectures will also find this lecture incomprehensible, but you know that that's all right: as I explained in the first lecture, the way we have to describe Nature is generally incomprehensible to us.
Richard P. Feynman, QED, The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, p. 77 [Princeton University Press, 1985]
Linguistics
Languages with more than 30,000,000 Speakers as of 2005 [61.3K]
The Semitic and Other Afroasiatic Languages [30.2K]
The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian [28.7K]
"Knowing" Words in Indo-European Languages [34.3K]
Greek, Sanskrit, and Closely Related Languages
Tense and Aspect in Greek [50.5K]
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) [29.4K]
The Spread of Indo-European and Turkish Peoples off the Steppe [61.3K]
The Germanic Languages [117.1K]
The Great English Vowel Shift
Tense and Aspect, Expressed in English
The Slavic Languages [95.6K]
The Altaic and Uralic Languages [160.0K]
The Austronesian and Polynesian Languages [36.2K]
How to Pronounce "Hawai'i"
A Syllabary for Hawaiian
The Dialects of Chinese
Examples of Dialect Differences Between Peking, Shanghai and, Canton
Pronouncing Mandarin Initials
Mandarin Finals and Syllables
The Contrast between Classical and Modern Chinese
Words and Rules, The Ingredients of Language, Steven Pinker Basic Books, 1999 [13.0K]
Genetic Distance and Language Affinities Between Autochthonous Human Populations [30.2K]
Human Evolution
Linguistic Relativism
Calendars
The Century and the Millennium; Cardinalists vs. Ordinalists [43.1K]
Groundhog Day and Chinese Astronomy [15.8K]
Julian Day Numbers for dates on the Gregorian and Julian Calendars [14.8K]
The Solar Terms and the Chinese Calendar [21.7K]
The Chinese 60 Year Calendar Cycle
The Occurrence of the Solar Terms 1995-2008
Chronology and Julian Day Numbers for the Egyptian XII Dynasty [20.1K]
The Egyptian Calendar
The Babylonian Calendar [92.5K]
The Jewish and Moslem Calendars with the Era of Nabonassar
The Jewish Calendar
The Jewish Eras of the World
Islâmic Dates with Julian Day Numbers
A Modern Luni-Solar Calendar
The Determination of Easter [34.3K]
The Greek Orthodox and Soviet Calendar Reforms [95.6K]
Iranian Calendars
The Calendar in India
Cycles of Time in Hinduism and Buddhism [25.7K]
The Mayan Calendar [86.7K]
Traditional English Names of Full Moons, and the "Blue Moon"
The French Revolutionary Calendar
The Days of the Week [15.6K]
Fantasy Seven Element Theory [34.0]
David Ewing Duncan's Calendar [Avon, 1998]
These ultimate springs and principles are totally shut up from human curiosity and enquiry. Elasticity, gravity, cohesion of parts, communication of motion by impulse [sic]; these are probably the ultimate causes and principles which we shall ever discover in nature.
David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section IV, Part I, p. 26 [L.A. Shelby-Bigge, editor, Oxford University Press, 1902, 1972, p. 30]
Book Reviews
S. Fred Singer and Dennis T. Avery, Unstoppable Global Warming, Every 1,500 Years, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 [50.8K]
Michael Crichton, State of Fear, HarperCollins, 2004
Palle Yourgrau, A World Without Time, The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein, Basic Books, 2005 [24.5K]
Words and Rules, The Ingredients of Language, Steven Pinker, Basic Books, 1999 [13.0K]
Richard Feynman, A Life in Science, John Gribbin and Mary Gribbin, Dutton, Penguin Books, 1997 [17.1K]
The Emperor's New Mind, Roger Penrose, Oxford University Press, 1990 [14.6K]
Criticism of Karl Popper in Martin Gardner's Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries?, W.W. Norton & Company, 2003 [22.6K]
Criticism of Karl Popper in Anthony O'Hear's An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford University Press, 1989 [7.9K]
The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists, Martin J. S. Rudwick, University of Chicago Press, 1985 [13.4K]
Letters
Letter Replying to: "U.S. Workers and the Law," Rodger Doyle, "News Scan," Scientific American, August 2001, p.24; published December 2001 [3.9K]
Home Page
Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved
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