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Pay Equity and Women's Wage Gaps by Dr. Hilary Lips
 
The
Director of the Center for Gender Studies and Chair of Psychology,
Dr. Hilary Lips,
maintains an on-going examination of currently available wage gap
data, including her own analyses of possible trends, ethnic, occupational
and social-psychological factors as well as selective reviews of additional
research findings. She first presented lectures on women's wage gaps,
and related issues, in a series of addresses at a number of universities
in New Zealand; for an example of these lectures, click on, Women,
Education & Economic Participation. On November
3rd, 2001, Dr. Lips presented a keynote address on the
wage gap at the National Organization of Women-New York State Conference
in Albany. The title of Dr. Lips' address is nearly the same as the
one given above. Though this address and others since then are not
reproduced here, the links to sources of information supporting her
work are provided below:
An
Overview of the Major and Continuing Wagegap Topics with Updated Links
Each Topical Heading is Connected to a Set of Web Sources
U.S. Census Bureau Documents a widening of the
wage gap in 2003
(the largest backslide in the gender wage ration since 1991))
Documenting the pervasiveness of the wage gap
Is wage gap due to occupational choices?
Trends in the wage gap: Is it closing?
A look at two examples in which women should excel
What can be done?
We Can Do It: Women's Images from an Earlier
Era
Center
for Gender Studies Related Links
Gender
& The Wage Gap: Internet Data Sites & Information Sources
Documenting
a decrease in women's median earnings relative to men's in 2003
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, "... The real median earnings
of men who worked full-time, year-round remained unchanged between
2002 and 2003 at $40,668. The real median earnings of the comparable
group of women declined by 0.6 percent to $30,724. ... The last time
the female-to-male earnings ratio experienced an annual decline was
between 1998 and 1999."
Figures, graph and tables supporting these and other conclusions can
be found in the August release of the Current Population Reports P60-226,
Income, Poverty, and Health
Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2003 (pages
2,6-8)
URL: http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p60-226.pdf
Documenting
the pervasiveness of the wage gap
A
continuing earnings gap based upon an examination of 505 occupations:
Evidence from Census 2000 About the Earnings by Detailed Occupation
for Men and Women
Census 2000 Special Reports issued
may 2004
URL: http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-15.pdf
US
Census Bureau's Definitions and Explanations of Median income, Earnings,
Race & Ethnic origin,
URL: http://www.census.gov/population/www/cps/cpsdef.html
A
Wage Gap "Favoring" Women Working Part-time, 50-52 Weeks per Year:
1967-2007 earnings,
URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/p41AR.html
Wage
Gap Favoring Men for Full-time, Year-round Workers, '1960-'2007
earnings,
URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/p38AR.html
Wage
Gaps Reflect Race, Ethnicity & Gender when Compared with White Male
earnings; 1987-2007,
URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/p38N.html
Gender Wage Gaps Persist within Women & Men of the Same Race-Ethnicity:
see Tables P-36, P-38 at
URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html
Higher
Educational Attainment Improves Women's Wages compared to Other Women,
but Wage Gaps Persist within Similar Educational Attainments: see
Tables P-16 to P-35 at
URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/incpertoc.html
Wage Gaps Unaffected by Education for Women & Men of Similarly
Educational Attainment: 1991-2007,
URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/p24.html
Is
the wage gap due to occupational choices?
Wage Gaps Persist where Working Women Form Strong Majorities.
The Bureau of Labor web site provides tables of median weekly earnings,
as well as worker numbers, of full-time wage and salary workers
by 200 detailed occupations and . The tables are available in
either TEXT or PDF formats. These tables may be incorporated into
Excel worksheets, sorted according to the relative percentages of
women workers in the occupations. Weekly median earnings for women
and men may than be compared in occupations where women form strong
majorities. For a choice of table formats, TEXT or PDF, click on
either option at:
URL (Bureau of Labor):
http://www.bls.gov/bls/blswage.htm
For direct access to the pdf file: cpsaat39.pdf, click
on:
URL (Bureau of Labor): http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat39.pdf
Wage Gaps Persist Across Professional-Managerial Occupations.
The Bureau of Labor tables noted above also provide a classification
of occupations: for example, management, professional and related
occupations. Once these tables are incorporated into Excel
files, this or any other particular classification may be selected
out of the total for specific median earnings comparisons. When done
for this category, the wagegap is readily apparent.
Trends
in the wage gap: Is it closing?
The
Gender Wage Gap: Debunking the Rationalizations
by Hilary M. Lips
"The U.S. Census Bureau has made available statistics on women’s
and men’s earnings for several decades. By examining this
time series of data, it is possible to get a feel for the changes
and trends in earnings. One thing revealed by a simple visual examination
of the series since 1960 is how closely the shapes of the two lines
parallel each other. The dips and bumps in women’s and men’s
earnings seem to move in tandem. Clearly, similar economic and social
forces are at work in influencing the rise and fall of earnings
for both es. Men’s earnings do not stand still and wait
for women’s to catch up."
"The series of data points from 1960 onward provides a basis
for a forecast of the future, although such forecasts are always
estimates rather than hard certainties. When we used forecasting
analyses to project the earnings of women and men into the future,
to the year 2010, we found no evidence on which we could base a
prediction for a closing (or widening) wage gap."
The preceding quotes are from the section on:
Is the Wage Gap Closing?
An on-line publication for Women's Media.com - The Site for Working
Women
URL (for the article): http://www.womensmedia.com/new/Lips-Hilary-gender-wage-gap.shtml
URL (for Women's Media.com): http://www.womensmedia.com/
See also U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P-60,
selected issues. To review reports available on line, click on:
URL (Census Bureau): http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income.html
, then click on CPS Income Reports under the heading Current Population
Reports(CPS)
The
basic data for addressing questions of a long term trends in the
wage gap is available from the U.S. Census Bureau through their
Historical Income Tables - People. To view all such tables, click
on:
URL: http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/incperdet.html
For comparing earnings by gender for full-time, year-round workers
15 years of age and older 1960-2001,
URL: http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p38.html
For
more detailed comparisons of income (or earnings) by gender for
more recent years, the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor
Statistics have produced a series of Detailed Income Tabulations
based upon the Current Population Survey (CPS). These can be reached
by clicking on Persons for a particular year (eg. 2004, 2003, 2002
etc) at the following Census Bureau link:
URL: http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/dinctabs.html
A
look at two examples in which women should excel
1.
Earnings and leadership opportunities for elementary
and secondary school teachers
Wage
Gaps in Elementary & Secondary Education,
URLs(Bureau
of Labor Statistics): http://www.bls.gov/ Pdf
Document: cpsaat39.pdf The specific link for
this pdf document is: http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat39.pdf
Since this table provides usual median weekly
earnings by gender for a number of occupations, it is necessary
to look up the information relevant to
elementary and secondary education teachers.
URLs for the Digest of Education Statistics
gender-related salary statistics may explored from their home
page for this information at: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/
More specifically, such information for
2002 may be found in Table 76 at link: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/tables/dt076.asp
This table
(Average salaries for full-time teachers in public and private
elementary and secondary schools, by selected
characteristics: 1999-2000) may be downloaded as an
Excel or Pdf file.
U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education
Statistics maintains a School and Staffing
Survey home page at: http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass/
For a less recent analysis of gender differences in
on earnings gender see, Chapter 4 Salary Differences
Related to Teacher and Racial-Ethnic Background
in "The Patterns of Teacher Compensation"
(January 1996), at link:
http://nces.ed.gov/pubs95/95829.pdf
Increasing
Percentages of Women Teachers holding Bachelors, Masters & Doctoral
Degrees,
URL(National Science Foundation): http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/srsdata.htm
Percentages
by Gender of Six Levels of Educational Attainment for Teachers,
Table 68 (Teachers in public and private elementary and secondary
schools, by selected characteristics:
1999-2000) from the Digest
of Educational Statistics provides statistics by gender at link:
http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/tables/dt068.asp
Data for earlier years may be found by starting
at the home.
2.
Rewards that accrue, and fail to accrue, to women in a
domain of recognized excellence: writing
Gender
& Verbal Performance, Source: “
& Gender An Introduction, 4th Ed. H. Lips, p 175
Writing
Skills Assessments by Gender, Grade-Level, National Association of
Educational Progress,
URL: http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/
Women's
Degrees in English & Literature,
URL(National Science Foundation): http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/srsdata.htm
Women's
Degrees in the Arts & Music,
URL(National Science Foundation): http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/srsdata.htm
Gender
Differences in Literary Pulitizer Prize Awards Strongly Favor Men,
The Pulitzer web site lists the authors' who have received awards
under a number of literary categories for the history of the prize;
however, it does not tabulate the awards within each category, or
overall, by recipients' gender. This must be done by visiting the
site, and tabulating the awards by gender within each category for
each year.
To reach the Pulitzer site, click on:
URL: http://www.pulitzer.org
What
can be done?
Become informed,
review the "boring" stats, do the numbers, share your studies,
ideas, experiences.
talk to each other, talk to us:
Director:
Dr. Hilary Lips at hlips@radford.edu The
Center at gstudies@radford.edu
For
possible
lectures or
consultations
on these topics,
please contact:
Dr.
Hilary Lips,
Professor & Chair
Department of Psychology
Radford University, Radford, VA 24142
Email: hlips@radford.edu Tel:
1-540-831-5361
Center
for Gender Studies Related Links
Young
Women's Knowledge & Beliefs About Gender Pay Gaps Census
2000 Report Documents Gender Earnings Gap (under development)
Gender Wage Gap- World Wide Gender
Gap Rankings of 58 Countries Pay Equity
& Women's Wage Gaps
Women,
Education & Economic Participation
Are
Women Still Worth Less? We Can
Do It: Images from the 1940s
Gender
Neutral Tasks-A Preliminary Study
New
Zealand Award Lectures
Center
Projects On-line
Exploring
Gender Sources
Center
Home
Gender
Issues on University Campuses
Psychology
RU's
SASAE
Radford University
Created
by: W. Andrew &
H. Lips
Last
updated: September 10th, 2008
©2005 H.Lips & W. Andrew
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