Masturbation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ /**/ if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice); Masturbation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search   Look up masturbation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Masturbation refers to ual stimulation, especially of one's own genitals (self masturbation), often to the point of orgasm.[1] The stimulation can be performed manually, by other types of bodily contact (except for ual intercourse), by use of objects or tools, or by some combination of these methods.[2] Masturbation is the most common form of autoism[citation needed], and the two words are often used as synonyms, although masturbation with a partner (mutual masturbation) is also common. Animal masturbation has been observed in many species, both in the wild and in captivity.[3][4][5]Contents1 Etymology2 Masturbation techniques2.1 Female2.2 Male3 Mutual masturbation4 Masturbation frequency, age and 5 Evolutionary utility6 Health and psychological effects6.1 Benefits6.2 Blood pressure6.3 Insertion6.4 Pregnancy6.5 Problems for males6.6 Compulsive masturbation7 Masturbation in history and society7.1 Antiquity7.2 Religious views7.3 Philosophical arguments7.4 Medical attitudes7.5 Law7.6 Masturbate-a-thon8 Euphemisms9 Masturbation in media9.1 Paintings and drawings9.2 Music9.3 Literature10 Masturbation in other animal species11 See also12 References12.1 Notes12.2 Further reading13 External links//EtymologyThe word masturbation is believed to derive from either the Greek word mezea (μεζεα, "penes") or the Latin manus ("hand") and the Latin turbare ("to disturb").[6] A competing etymology based on the Latin manu stuprare ("to defile with the hand") is said by the Oxford English Dictionary to be an "old conjecture"[7].While "masturbation" is the medical term for this practice, many other terms and expressions are in common use. In the vernacular, terms such as "pleasuring oneself", "having a dig", "wanking" and "jerking off" are common. See masturbate in Wikisaurus for many others.Masturbation techniquesWays of masturbating common to members of both es include pressing or rubbing the genital area, either with the fingers or against an object such as a pillow; inserting fingers or an object into the anus (see anal masturbation); and stimulating the penis or vulva with electric vibrators, which may also be inserted into the vagina or anus. Members of both es may also enjoy touching, rubbing, or pinching the nipples or other erogenous zones while masturbating. Both es sometimes apply lubricating substances to intensify sensation.Reading or viewing , or ual fantasy, are often common adjuncts to masturbation. Often people will call upon memories during masturbation. Masturbation activities are often ritualised. Various fetishes and paraphilias can also play a part in the masturbation ritual. Some potentially harmful or fatal activities include auto asphyxiation and self-bondage.Some people get ual pleasure by inserting objects into the urethra (the tube through which urine and, in men, semen, flows).[8] If these objects are urethral sounds, the practice is known as "sounding".[9] Other objects such as ball point pens and thermometers are sometimes used, although this practice can lead to injury and/or infection.[10] Some people masturbate by using machines that simulate intercourse.Men and women may masturbate until they are close to orgasm, stop for a while to reduce excitement, and then resume masturbating. They may repeat this cycle multiple times. This "stop and go" build-up can achieve even stronger orgasms. Rarely, people quit stimulation just before orgasm to retain the heightened energy that normally comes down after orgasm[11]. Doing this could lead to temporary discomfort due to pelvic congestion.Austrian psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich in his 1922 essay Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation tried to identify healthy and unhealthy forms of masturbation. He tried to relate the way people masturbated to their degree of inclination towards the opposite and to their psycho-ual pathologies.FemaleFemale masturbation techniques include a woman stroking or rubbing her vulva, especially her clitoris, with her index and/or middle fingers. Sometimes one or more fingers may be inserted into the vagina to repeatedly stroke its frontal wall where the g-spot is located.[12] Masturbation aids such as a vibrator, dildo or Ben Wa balls can also be used to stimulate the vagina and clitoris. Many women caress their breasts or stimulate a nipple with the free hand, if these are receptive areas for ual stimulation. Anal stimulation is also enjoyed by some. Lubrication is sometimes used during masturbation, especially when penetration is involved, but this is not universal and many women find their natural lubrication sufficient.Common positions include lying on back or face down, sitting, squatting, kneeling or standing. In a bath or shower a female may direct tap water at her clitoris and vulva. Lying face down one may use the hands, one may straddle a pillow, the corner or edge of the bed, a partner's leg or some scrunched-up clothing and "hump" the vulva and clitoris against it. Standing up a chair, the corner of an item of furniture or even a washing machine can be used to stimulate the clitoris through the labia and clothing.In the 1920s, Havelock Ellis reported that turn-of-the-century seamstresses using treadle-operated sewing machines could achieve orgasm by sitting near the edge of their chairs.[13]Women can ually stimulate themselves by crossing their legs tightly and clenching the muscles in their legs, creating pressure on the genitals. This can potentially be done in public without observers noticing. Some masturbate using only pressure applied to the clitoris without direct contact, for example by pressing the palm or ball of the hand against underwear or other clothing.Thoughts, fantasies, and memories of previous instances of arousal and orgasm can produce ual excitation. Some women can orgasm spontaneously by force of will alone, although this may not strictly qualify as masturbation as no physical stimulus is involved.[14][15] therapists will sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm, especially if they have not done so before.[16][17]MaleMale masturbation techniques are also influenced by a number of factors and personal preferences. Techniques may also differ between circumcised and uncircumcised males, as some techniques which may work for one can be quite painful for the other.The most common male masturbation technique is simply to hold the penis with a loose fist and then to move the hand up and down the shaft until orgasm and ejaculation take place. The speed of the hand motion will vary from person to person, although it is not uncommon for the speed to increase as ejaculation nears and for it to decrease during the ejaculation itself. When uncircumcised, stimulation of the penis in this way comes from the "pumping" of the foreskin. This gliding motion of the foreskin reduces friction. When circumcised, there is more direct contact between the hand and the glans, thus a personal lubricant is sometimes used to reduce friction. Sometimes, if too much pressure is applied, it may be rubbed sore for a time.Circumcised or not, men may rub or massage the glans, the rim of the glans, and the frenular delta.Another technique is to place just the index finger and thumb around the penis about halfway along the penis and move the skin up and down. A variation on this is to place the fingers and thumb on the penis as if playing a flute, and then shuttle them back and forth. Another common technique is to lie face down on a comfortable surface such as a mattress or pillow and rub the penis against it until orgasm is achieved. This technique may include the use of a simulacrum, or artificial vagina.There are many other variations on male masturbation techniques. Some men place both hands directly on their penis during masturbation, while others use their free hand to fondle their testicles, nipples, or other parts of their body. Some may keep their hand stationary while pumping into it with pelvic thrusts in order to simulate the motions of ual intercourse. Others may also use vibrators and other ual devices more commonly associated with female masturbation. A few extremely flexible males can reach and stimulate their penis with their tongue or lips, and so perform autofellatio.The prostate gland is one of the organs that contributes fluid to semen. As the prostate is touch-sensitive, some directly stimulate it using a well-lubricated finger or dildo inserted through the anus into the rectum. Stimulating the prostate from outside, via pressure on the perineum, can be pleasurable as well. Some men, also, enjoy anal stimulation, with fingers or otherwise, without any prostate stimulation.Semen is sometimes ejaculated onto a tissue or some other item.A somewhat controversial ejaculation control technique is to put pressure on the perineum, about halfway between the scrotum and the anus, just before ejaculating. This can, however, redirect semen into the bladder (referred to as retrograde ejaculation). If repeated on a regular basis, this technique could cause long term damage due to the pressure put on the nerves and blood vessels in the perineum.Mutual masturbation  Johann Nepomuk, watercolor, 1840.Main article: Mutual masturbationMutual masturbation is a ual act where two or more people stimulate themselves or one another ually, usually with the hands.It is part of a full repertoire of ual intercourse, where it may be used as an interlude, foreplay or as an alternative to penetration. For some people, non-penetrative or frottage is the primary ual activity of choice above all others. Participants who do not want full ual intercourse thus still enjoy a mutual ual act.Mutual masturbation is practiced by people of all ual orientations. If used as an alternative to penile-vaginal penetration, the aim may be to preserve virginity or to prevent pregnancy. Some people choose it as it achieves ual satisfaction without actual , possibly seeing it as an alternative to casual .Masturbation frequency, age and Frequency of masturbation is determined by many factors, e.g., one's resistance to ual tension, hormone levels influencing ual arousal, ual habits, peer influences, health and one's attitude to masturbation formed by culture.[18] Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.[19][20][21]Different studies have found that masturbation is frequent in humans. Alfred Kinsey's studies have shown that 92% of men and 62% of women have masturbated during their lifespan.[15] Similar results have been found in a British national probability survey. It was found that 95% of men and 71% of women masturbated at some point in their lives. 73% of men and 37% of women reported masturbating in the four weeks before their interview, while 53% of men and 18% of women reported masturbating in the previous seven days.[22]"Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a ual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded. Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation. One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire. Subjects in the experimental group also completed a questionnaire evaluating aspects of the film. Results indicated that the experimental group reported a significant increase in the average monthly frequency of masturbation, as compared to the control group. This same group, however, reported that the film had no effect on ual attitudes or behavior."A 2004 survey by Toronto magazine NOW was answered by an unspecified number of thousands.[23] The results show that an overwhelming majority of the males – 81% – began masturbating between the ages of 10 and 15. Among females, the same figure was a more modest majority of 55%. (Note that surveys on ual practices are prone to self-selection bias.) It is not uncommon however to begin much earlier, and this is more frequent among females: 18% had begun by the time they turned 10, and 6% already by the time they turned 6. Being the main outlet of child uality, masturbation has been observed in very young children. In the book Human uality: Diversity in Contemporary America, by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis (although he does not ejaculate). Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm." Italian gynecologists Giorgio Giorgi and Marco Siccardi observed via ultrasound a female fetus masturbate to orgasm.[24]The NOW magazine survey has it that the frequency of masturbation declines after the age of 17. Many males masturbate daily, or even more frequently, well into their 20s and sometimes far beyond. This decline is more drastic among females, and more gradual among males. While females aged 13–17 masturbated almost once a day on average (and almost as often as their male peers), women only masturbated 8–9 times a month, compared to the 18–22 among men. Adolescent youths report being able to masturbate to ejaculation around six times per day, though some men in older middle age report being hard pressed to ejaculate even once per day. On the other hand healthy 21-28 year old males are able to masturbate at least 8-10 times per day if they are not stressed. The survey does not give a full demographic breakdown of respondents, however, and the ual history of respondents to this poll, who are readers of an urban Toronto lifestyle magazine, may not extend to the general population.It appears that females are less likely to masturbate while in a heteroual relationship than men. Popular belief asserts that individuals of either who are not in ually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary to conventional wisdom, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse. One study reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.[25][22][26][27]Among some cultures, such as the Hopi in Arizona, the Wogeno in Oceania, and the Dahomeans and Namu of Africa, masturbation is encouraged, including regular masturbation between males. In certain Melanesian communities this is expected between older and younger boys. One interesting twist is the Sambia tribe of New Guinea. This tribe has rituals and rites of passage surrounding manhood which involve frequent ejaculation through fellatio. Semen is valued and masturbation is seen as a waste of semen and is therefore frowned upon even though frequent ejaculation is encouraged. The capacity and need to ejaculate is nurtured for years from an early age through fellatio so that it can be consumed rather than wasted. Semen is ingested for strength and is considered in the same line as mothers' milk.[28]Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that culminate in the first ejaculation of a male, usually by the hands of a tribal elder. In some tribes such as the Agta, Philippines, stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age.[29] Upon puberty, the young male is then paired off with a "wise elder" or "witch doctor" who uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony. The ceremony culminates in a public ejaculation before a celebration. The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children. In this and other tribes, the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate and his need than penis size. Frequent ejaculation through masturbation from an early age fosters frequent ejaculation well into hood.[30]Masturbation is becoming accepted as a healthy practice and safe method for sharing pleasure without some of the dangers that can accompany intercourse. It is socially accepted and even celebrated in certain circles. Group masturbation events can be easily found online. Masturbation marathons are yearly events and are occurring across the globe. These events provide a supportive environment where masturbation can be performed openly among young and old without embarrassment. Participants talk openly with onlookers while masturbating to share techniques and describe their pleasure.[31][32]Evolutionary utilityMasturbation may increase fertility during intercourse.Female masturbation alters conditions in the vagina, cervix and uterus, in ways that can alter the chances of conception from intercourse, depending on the timing of the masturbation. A woman's orgasm between one minute before and up to 45 minutes after insemination favors the chances of that sperm reaching her egg. If, for example, she has had intercourse with more than one male, such an orgasm can increase the likelihood of a pregnancy by one of them.[33][34] Female masturbation can also provide protection against cervical infections by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.[34]In males, masturbation flushes out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The next ejaculate then contains more fresh sperm, which have higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male has intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively.[35][36][37]Health and psychological effectsBenefitsThe physical benefits of masturbation and having an orgasm or ejaculating creates heightened arousal while epinephrine courses through the body, producing the flushed face, shallow breath and post-climactic euphoria.[38] It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression, stress and lead to a higher sense of self-worth [39]. Masturbation can also be particularly useful in relationships where one partner wants more than the other – in which case masturbation provides a balancing effect and thus a more harmonious relationship.[40]Mutual masturbation, the act by which two or more partners stimulate themselves in the presence of each other, allows a couple to reveal the "map to [their] pleasure centers". Witnessing a partner masturbate is an educational activity to find out the method a partner pleases him- or herself, allowing each partner to learn exactly how the other enjoys being touched.[41]In 2003, an Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council Australia[42] concluded that frequent masturbation by males appears to help prevent the development of prostate cancer. The study also indicated that this would be more helpful than ejaculation through ual intercourse because intercourse can transmit diseases that may increase the risk of cancer instead. Also, frequent ejaculation is more easily obtained and sustained over time with the aid of masturbation.A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by ual activity. Excerpt, "The association between frequency or orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recoded as number of orgasms per year. The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95)." That is, a difference between any two subjects appeared when one subject ejaculated at around two or more more times per week than the other. Assuming a broad range average of between 3 to 5 ejaculations per week for healthy males, this would mean 5 to 7 ejaculations per week. This is consistent with a 2003 Australia article on the benefits against prostate cancer.[43]Masturbation is also seen as a ual technique that protects individuals from the risk of contracting ually transmitted diseases. Support for such a view, and for making it part of the American education curriculum, led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration.ual climax, from masturbation or otherwise, leaves one in a relaxed and contented state. This is frequently followed closely by drowsiness and sleep – particularly when one masturbates in bed.Some professionals consider masturbation to function as a cardiovascular workout.[44] Though research is still as yet scant, those suffering from cardiovascular disorders (particularly those recovering from myocardial infarction, or heart attacks) should resume physical activity (including ual intercourse and masturbation) gradually and with the frequency and rigor which their physical status will allow. This limitation can serve as encouragement to follow through with physical therapy sessions to help improve endurance.Blood pressureBoth and masturbation lower blood pressure. A small study has shown that in one test group, recent full intercourse resulted in the lowest average blood pressure in stressful situations. Masturbation then led to lower blood pressure than did no recent ual activity.[45]InsertionObjects inserted into the vagina, anus/rectum or urethra should be clean and of a kind that will not scratch or break. Care should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus – any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise retrieval can require medical intervention. Modern dildos and anal plugs are designed with this feature.PregnancyMasturbation involving both a man and a woman (see mutual masturbation) can result in pregnancy only if semen contacts the vulva. Masturbation with a partner can also theoretically result in transmission of ually transmitted diseases by contact with bodily fluids.Problems for malesA man whose penis has suffered a blunt trauma or injury during intercourse may rarely sustain a penile fracture[46] or suffer from Peyronie's disease.[47] Phimosis is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back".[48] In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic.Compulsive masturbationSigmund Freud argued that every normal child usually experiments with many types of auto ual stimulation. Social repressions of uality reached their peak in the Victorian era when popular authors wrote books threatening young children with mental deficiency or insanity if they indulged in any form of masturbation. Actually there is no scientific evidence of any causative relationship between autoism and any form of mental disorder. Though mentally disturbed persons characteristically show poor judgment in expressing uality, this may be understood as a symptom rather than a cause. Each child however, must learn the appropriate social and legal limitations relating to expressing uality. Masturbating frequently presents no physical, mental or emotional risk in itself,[49] but masturbation can be used to relieve boredom or stress. In either case, as with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of the boredom or of the stress, rather than try to repress the masturbation.[50]There is some discussion between professionals and other interested parties as to the existence or validity of ual addictions. Nevertheless, there are lists of warning signs such as when ual activity affects a person's ability to function in everyday life, or is placing them at risk, for example, of pursuing illegal or destructive activities. Very frequent and compulsive masturbation may be seen as a sign of ual addiction.[51]Masturbation in history and societyAntiquityThere are depictions of male masturbation in prehistoric rock paintings around the world. Most early people seem to have connected human uality with abundance in nature. A clay figurine of the 4th millennium BC from a temple site on the island of Malta, depicts a woman masturbating.[52] However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common.From the earliest records, ancient Sumer had a relaxed attitude toward , and masturbation was a popular technique for enhancing potency, either alone or with a partner.[53][54]Male masturbation became an even more important image in ancient Egypt: when performed by a god it could be considered a creative or magical act: the god Atum was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation, and the ebb and flow of the Nile was attributed to the frequency of his ejaculations. Egyptian pharaohs, in response to this, were at one time required to masturbate ceremonially into the Nile.[55]The ancient Greeks had a more relaxed attitude toward masturbation than the Egyptians did, regarding the act as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of ual pleasure. They considered it a safety valve against destructive ual frustration. The Greeks also dealt with female masturbation in both their art and writings. One common term used for it was anaphlan, which roughly translates as "up-fire".Diogenes, speaking in jest, credited the god Hermes with its invention: he allegedly took pity on his son Pan, who was pining for Echo but unable to seduce her, and taught him the trick of masturbation in order to relieve his suffering. Pan in his turn taught the habit to young shepherds.[56]Religious viewsMain article: Religious views on masturbationAlso see uality and Religion for broad coverage of this topicReligions vary broadly in their views of masturbation, from considering it completely impermissible[57] to encouraging it as a way to achieve greater spirituality (see, for example Tantric uality and Taoist ual practices). In the modern St. Priapus Church, group male masturbation is a form of worship.[58]Philosophical argumentsImmanuel Kant regarded masturbation as a violation of the moral law. In the Metaphysics of Morals (1797) he made the a posteriori argument that 'such an unnatural use of one's ual attributes' strikes 'everyone upon his thinking of it' as 'a violation of one's duty to himself', and suggested that it was regarded as immoral even to give it its proper name (unlike the case of the similarly undutiful act of suicide). He went on, however, to acknowledge that 'it is not so easy to produce a rational demonstration of the inadmissibility of that unnatural use', but ultimately concluded that its immorality lay in the fact that 'a man gives up his personality … when he uses himself merely as a means for the gratification of an animal drive'.Subsequent critics of masturbation tended to argue against it on more physiological grounds, however (see medical attitudes).Medical attitudes This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008)The first use of the word "onanism" to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation appears to be Onania, an anonymous pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716. It drew on familiar themes of sin and vice, this time in particular against the "heinous sin" of "self-pollution". After dire warnings that those who so indulged would suffer impotence, gonorrhea, epilepsy and a wasting of the faculties (included were letters and testimonials supposedly from young men ill and dying from the effects of compulsive masturbation) the pamphlet then goes on to recommend as an effective remedy a "Strengthening Tincture" at 10 shillings a bottle and a "Prolific Powder" at 12 shillings a bag, available from a local shop. A patented device designed to prevent masturbation by inflicting electric shocks upon the perpetrator, by ringing an alarm bell, and through spikes at the inner edge of the tube into which the penis is inserted. The entire patent document: Page 1, 2, 3, 4.One of the many horrified by the descriptions of malady in Onania was the notable Swiss physician Samuel-Auguste Tissot. In 1760, he published L'Onanisme, his own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported ill-effects of masturbation. Citing case studies of young male masturbators amongst his patients in Lausanne, Switzerland as basis for his reasoning, Tissot argued that semen was an "essential oil" and "stimulus" that, when lost from the body in great amounts, would cause "a perceptible reduction of strength, of memory and even of reason; blurred vision, all the nervous disorders, all types of gout and rheumatism, weakening of the organs of generation, blood in the urine, disturbance of the appetite, headaches and a great number of other disorders."Though Tissot's ideas are now considered conjectural at best, his treatise was presented as a scholarly, scientific work in a time when experimental physiology was practically nonexistent. The authority with which the work was subsequently treated – Tissot's arguments were even acknowledged and echoed by luminaries such as Kant and Voltaire – arguably turned the perception of masturbation in Western medicine over the next two centuries into that of a debilitating illness.This continued well into the Victorian Era, where such medical censure of masturbation was in line with the widespread social conservatism and opposition to open ual behavior common at the time.[59][60] There were recommendations to have boys' pants constructed so that the genitals could not be touched through the pockets, for schoolchildren to be seated at special desks to prevent their crossing their legs in class and for girls to be forbidden from riding horses and bicycles because the sensations these activities produce were considered too similar to masturbation. Boys and young men who nevertheless continued to indulge in the practice were branded as "weak-minded."[61] Many "remedies" were devised, including eating a bland, meatless diet. This approach was promoted by Dr. John Harvey Kellogg (inventor of corn flakes) and Rev. Sylvester Graham (inventor of Graham crackers). The medical literature of the times describes procedures for electric shock treatment, infibulation, restraining devices like chastity belts and straitjackets, cauterization or – as a last resort – wholesale surgical excision of the genitals. Routine neonatal circumcision was widely adopted in the United States and the UK at least partly because of its believed preventive effect against masturbation (see also History of male circumcision). In later decades, the more drastic of these measures were increasingly replaced with psychological techniques, such as warnings that masturbation led to blindness, hairy hands or stunted growth. Some of these persist as myths even today. Image of a chastity belt from a patent document. For entire document, see: Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6At the same time, the supposed medical condition of hysteria—from the Greek hystera or uterus—was being treated by what would now be described as medically administered or medically prescribed masturbation for women. Techniques included use of the earliest vibrators and rubbing the genitals with placebo creams.[62]Medical attitudes toward masturbation began to change at the beginning of the 20th century when H. Havelock Ellis, in his seminal 1897 work Studies in the Psychology of , questioned Tissot's premises, cheerfully named famous men of the era who masturbated and then set out to disprove (with the work of more recent physicians) each of the claimed diseases of which masturbation was purportedly the cause. "We reach the conclusion", he wrote, "that in the case of moderate masturbation in healthy, well-born individuals, no seriously pernicious results necessarily follow."Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of The Scout Association, incorporated a passage in the 1914 edition of Scouting for Boys warning against the dangers of masturbation. This passage stated that the individual should run away from the temptation by performing physical activity which was supposed to tire the individual so that masturbation could not be performed. By 1930, however, Dr. F. W. W. Griffin, editor of The Scouter, had written in a book for Rover Scouts that the temptation to masturbate was "a quite natural stage of development" and, citing Ellis' work, held that "the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error."The works of ologist Alfred Kinsey during the 1940s and 1950s insisted that masturbation was an instinctive behavior for both males and females, citing the results of Gallup Poll surveys indicating how common it was in the United States. Some critics of this theory held that his research was biased and that the Gallup Poll method was redundant for defining "natural behavior".In 1994, when the Surgeon General of the United States, Dr. Joycelyn Elders, mentioned as an aside that it should be mentioned in school curricula that masturbation was safe and healthy, she was forced to resign,[63] with opponents asserting that she was promoting the teaching of how to masturbate. Many believe this was the result of her long history of promoting controversial viewpoints and not due solely to her public mention of masturbation.LawThe legal status of masturbation throughout history has varied from virtually unlimited acceptance to complete illegality. In a 1640s law code for the Puritan colony of New Haven, Connecticut in the 17th century "blasphemers, homouals and masturbators" were eligible for the death penalty.[64]Masturbate-a-thonMain article: Masturbate-a-thon Masturbate-a-thons are public, charity events that are "intended to encourage people to explore safer , talk about masturbation and lift the taboos that still surround the subject."[65] May is considered "Masturbation Month" by -positive organizations and activists, including Betty Dodson, Joani Blank, Susan Block, Kyla Zellers, Carol Queen, and Gary Francis Fanning Jr.EuphemismsA large variety of euphemisms and dysphemisms exist which describe masturbation. For a complete list of terms, see the entry for masturbate in Wikisaurus.Masturbation in mediaPaintings and drawings A Young Woman Masturbating, depicted by Gustav KlimtThere are depictions of male masturbation in prehistoric rock paintings around the world. Most early people seem to have connected human uality with abundance in nature. A clay figurine of the 4th millennium BC from a temple site on the island of Malta, depicts a woman masturbating. However, in the ancient world depictions of male masturbation are far more common.MusicIn popular music, there are a handful of songs that deal with the issue of masturbation. Some of the earliest examples are "My Ding-a-Ling" by Chuck Berry and "Pictures of Lily" by The Who.[66]Some of the more recent popular songs are "Turning Japanese" by The Vapors, a reference to the allegedly Asian facial features people get at the moment of climax, and "She Bop" by Cyndi Lauper, which was so obviously about masturbation that it was required to have a parental advisory sticker. In an interview Lauper admitted recording the song naked. "I Touch Myself" by Divinyls is a celebration of female masturbation. "Touch of My Hand" by Britney Spears is also about how female masturbation is normal.The song "Orgasm Addict" by The Buzzcocks also features lyrics centered around the theme of masturbation. Another song, "Wow, I Can Get ual Too" by Say Anything, has a chorus that repeats the line "She touched herself".The song "Masturbation" by rock group Mindless Self Indulgence also deals with the concept of auto- activity in a punk framework.LiteratureIn October 1972, an important censorship case was held in Australia, leading to the banning of Philip Roth's novel Portnoy's Complaint in that country due to its masturbation references. The censorship led to public outcry at the time. [67]Masturbation in other animal speciesMain article: Animal uality#Autoism (masturbation)Masturbatory behavior has been documented in a very wide range of species. Individuals of some species have been known to create tools for masturbation purposes.[4]See alsoNocturnal emissionFingeringHandjobErogenous zoneDie große Nacht im Eimer (painting)Chastity beltReferencesNotes^ Your Guide to Masturbation^ Based on "masturbation" in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003^ Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion^ a b Bruce Bagemihl: Biological Exuberance: Animal Homouality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-19239-8^ For further references, see also the main article Animal uality#Autoism (masturbation).^ Dally, Peter (1975). The Fantasy Factor, George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited. pp. 135. ISBN 0-297-76945-6. ^ OED, s.v. masturbation^ "Go ask Alice!: Cock-stuffing" (html). Columbia University, New York (2005-02-18). Retrieved on 2006-07-29.^ Various authors (2006-04-21). "Urethral Sound" (html/wiki). Body Modification Ezine. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.^ McPartlin, Daniel; Adam P. Klausner, MD; Tristan T. Berry, MD (2005-09-09). "Case report: A foreign body in the urethra" (html). Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.^ Masturbation, Tantra and Self-love^ Keesling, Barbara (November/December 99 (Last Reviewed: 30 August 2004)). "Beyond Orgasmatron" (html). Psychology Today. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.^ Ellis, Havelock (1927), Studies in the Psychology of (3rd edition), Volume I,; Auto-Erotism: A Study of the Spontaneous Manifestations of the ual Impulse; section I; "The Sewing-machine and the Bicycle:" quotes one Pouillet as saying "it is a well-recognized fact that to work a sewing-machine with the body in a certain position produces ual excitement leading to the orgasm. The occurrence of the orgasm is indicated to the observer by the machine being worked for a few seconds with uncontrollable rapidity. This sound is said to be frequently heard in large French workrooms, and it is part of the duty of the superintendents of the rooms to make the girls sit properly." Studies in the Psychology of , v. I, by Havelock Ellis at Project Gutenberg^ Koedt, Anne (1970). "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm" (html). Chicago Women's Liberation Union. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.^ a b The Kinsey Institute Data from Alfred Kinsey's studies. Published online.^ Shuman, Tracy (2006-02). "Your Guide to Masturbation" (html). WebMD, Inc./The Cleveland Clinic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.^ Knowles, Jon (2002-11). "Masturbation — From Stigma to ual Health" (html). Katharine Dexter McCormick Library/Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-07-29.^ E. Heiby and J. Becker examined the latter. [1]^ "Bladder calculus presenting as excessive masturbation." Ceylon Med. J. 2006 Sept., 51(3):121-2.^ "Excessive masturbation after epilepsy surgery." Epilepsy Behav. 2004 Feb., 5(1):133-6.^ "Severe impulsiveness as the primary manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a young female." Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2005 Dec., 59(6):739-42.^ a b Gerressu, M., Mercer, C.H., Graham, C.A., Wellings, K. and Johnson, A.M. (2007). Prevalence of Masturbation and Associated Factors in a British National Probability Survey. Archives of ual Behavior, Published online.^ NOW's Love and Guide 2004^ "Ultrasonographic observation of a female fetus' ual behavior in utero." American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 1996 Sept;175(3):753.^ Heilborn, M.L. and Cabral, C.S. (2006). ual practices in youth: analysis of lifetime ual trajectory and last ual intercourse. Cad Saude Publica, 22, 7, pp. 1471-81. Epub 2006 Jun 14.^ Menon, A., McAllister, R.H., Watson, W. and Watson, S. (2006). Increased libido associated with quetiapine. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 1, pp. 125-7.^ ual behavior in lesbian and heteroual women: relations with menstrual cycle phase and partner availability. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002 May;27(4):489-503.^ The Sambia^ Cited by Hewlett, B. S. (1996) Diverse contexts of human infancy, in Ember, C. & Ember, M. (Eds.) Cross-Cultural Research for Social Science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall^ The clinical outcome of childhood masturbation. Turk J Pediatr. 2000 Oct-Dec;42(4):304-7.^ Masturbate-a-thon by The Center For & Culture^ viewlondon.co.uk article on Masturbation Marathon London^ Baker, Robin (June 1996). Sperm Wars: The Science of , Diane Books Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0788160042. ^ a b Baker, Robin R.; Bellis, Mark A. (November 1993). "Human sperm competition: Ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm.". Animal Behaviour 46 (5): p887, 23p, http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3768816. ^ Thomsen, Ruth (October 2000). "Sperm Competition and the Function of Masturbation in Japanese Macaques". Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.^ Baker, Robin R.; Bellis, Mark A. (November 1993). "Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation.". Animal Behaviour 46 (5): p861, 25p, http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3768815. ^ Shackelford, Todd K.; Goetz, Aaron T. (February 2007). "Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans.". Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (1): p47-50, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x. ^ Masturbation key to healthy, functional ual relationships, April 19, http://badgerherald.com/oped/2007/04/19/masturbation_key_to_.php, retrieved on 1 July 2007 ^ Healthline.com http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/masturbation-1^ Masturbation key to healthy, functional ual relationships, April 19, http://badgerherald.com/oped/2007/04/19/masturbation_key_to_.php, retrieved on 1 July 2007 However, the alleged benefits of masturbation must be qualified with the acknowledgment that the practice is just as likely to exacerbate feelings of loneliness.^ Masturbation key to healthy, functional ual relationships, April 19, http://badgerherald.com/oped/2007/04/19/masturbation_key_to_.php, retrieved on 1 September 2007 ^ ual factors and prostate cancer[dead link]^ and death: are they related? Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study, December 20, http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/315/7123/1641, retrieved on 1 July 2007 ^ "Cardiovascular changes associated with ual arousal and orgasm in men". ual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment (Springer Netherlands) 4 (2): 151-165. June 1991. doi:10.1007/BF00851611. 1079-0632 (Print) 1573-286X (Online), http://www.springerlink.com/content/m28k5475630n5872/. Retrieved on 28 December 2004. ^ Brody, Stuart. "Blood pressure reactivity to stress is better for people who recently had penile-vaginal intercourse than for people who had other or no ual activity." Biological Psychology, Volume 71, Issue 2, February 2006, pages 214-222.^ eMedicine article on Penile Fracture and Trauma^ American Academy of Family Physicians article on Peyronie's Disease: Current Management^ netdoctor.co.uk article on Foreskin contraction (phimosis)^ University of Pennsylvania Office of Health Education article on masturbation^ Childrens Medical Office of North Andover, P.C. article on Masturbation in Early Childhood^ BBC Relationships: Addicted to ^ "The Ħaġar Qim woman is... masturbating, with one hand languidly supporting her head. " Taylor, Timothy. Uncovering the prehistory of , British Archaeology, no 15, June 1996: [2].^ Dening, Sarah. The Mythology of . Macmillian 1996, ISBN 978 0028612072^ Dening, Sarah, The Mythology of Chapter 3^ Johnathan Margolis, "O: The intimate history of the orgasm", 2003. p134^ Dio Crysostom, Discourses, iv.20^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Retrieved on 2007-10-08. "Both the Magisterium of the Church, in the course of a constant tradition, and the moral sense of the faithful have been in no doubt and have firmly maintained that masturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered action."^ Wayne Dynes (ed., 1990). Encyclopedia of Homouality (New York: Garland) p. 779.^ The Ritual of Circumcision^ Stengers, Jean; van Neck, Anne. Masturbation: the history of a great terror. New York: Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 0-312-22443-5.^ Surgical Appliance^ Rachel P. Maines (1999). The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria", the Vibrator, and Women's ual Satisfaction. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6646-4. ^ JackinLibrary: Joycelyn Elders^ James, Lawrence (September 15, 1997). The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 41. ISBN 978-0312169855. The context is a discussion of the social habits of the early North American colonists.^ "Masturbate-a-thon website" (html). Masturbate-a-thon (2006-08-04). Retrieved on 2006-08-06.^ "Merely a ditty about masturbation and the importance of it to a young man. I was really diggin' at my folks who, when catching me at it, would talk in loud voices in the corridor outside my room. "Why can't he go with girls like other boys?" Quote by Pete Townshend[cite this quote]^ Crikey - Don Chipp: larrikin, censor, and party founder - Don Chipp: larrikin, censor, and party founderFurther readingBrody, Stuart. "Slimness is associated with greater intercourse and lesser masturbation frequency" Journal Of & Marital Therapy Volume 30, Issue 4, July - September 2004, Pages 251-261DeMartino, Manfred F. Human Auto Practices. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1979. ISBN 0-87705-373-1.Marcus, Irwin M. Masturbation: From Infancy to Senescence. New York: International Universities Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8236-3150-8.Hurlbert, David Farley & Karen Elizabeth Whittaker. (1991). "The Role of Masturbation in Marital and ual Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Female Masturbators and Nonmasturbators." Journal of Education & Therapy, 17(4), 272–282.Buddhist ual Ethics, by Winton HigginsExternal linksFind more about Masturbation on Wikipedia's sister projects: Dictionary definitions Textbooks Quotations Source texts Images and media News stories Learning resourcesGeneralMasturbating may protect against prostate cancer, New Scientist, July 16, 2003.Masturbation Guide Masturbation articles by ologistsHealth benefits of masturbationFemaleClitical.com An educational site devoted to female masturbationMaleJackinWorld Educational male masturbation websiteMale Masturbation Techniques Illustrations and written descriptions.HistoryHistory of Masturbationv • d • eHistoryHistory of human uality · History of depictions · ual revolutionual actsual intercourse (foreplay · positions) · Oral · Anal · Anal-oral · Group · ual sublimation · Barebacking · Dirty talk · Facial · Fisting · Masturbation · Non-penetrative (Fingering/Handjob · Sumata) · QuickiePhysiological eventsual arousal · Erection · Orgasm · Ejaculation · Insemination · PregnancyHealth and educationBirth control · Reproductive medicine (Andrology · Gynaecology · Urology) · Safer · ual dysfunction (Erectile dysfunction · Hyperuality) · education · therapy · ually transmitted diseaseIdentityual identity · ual orientationLawAge of consent · Obscenity · Incest · Public indecency · ual violence (Rape · ual assault · ual abuse · ual harassment)Relationshipsand societyBDSM · Family planning · Marriage · Paraphilia · Religion and uality · Romance · ual abstinence · ual attraction · ual ethics · ual objectification · Abortion industry video game · a · Lubricant · Paddle · · Prostitution · toys (Artificial vagina · Dildo · doll · Vibrator) · shop · tourismHuman ual behavior · Human uality · ology · ual slang · Animal ual behaviorv • d • eBirth control methodsComparisonComparison of birth control methodsBehavioralAvoiding vaginal intercourse: Anal , Oral , Non-penetrative , Masturbation, AbstinenceIncluding vaginal intercourse: Fertility awareness, Calendar-based methods (rhythm, etc.), Withdrawal, Breastfeeding infertilityBarrier orspermicidalCondom, Female condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap (incl. Lea's), Contraceptive sponge, SpermicideHormonalCombined: Oral ('the Pill'), Contraceptive patch, NuvaRing, InjectableProgestogen only: Oral ('minipill'), Depo-Provera, Norplant/Jadelle, ImplanonAnti-estrogenOrmeloxifene (Centchroman)Post-intercourseEmergency contraception (pills or copper IUD)Intra-uterineIUD (copper or progestogen), IUS (progestogen)AbortionSurgical, Medical (RU-486/abortion pill)SterilizationMale: Vasectomy Female: Tubal ligation, Essurev • d • eHuman physiology and endocrinology of reproductionAnatomy and physiologyReproductive system (male, female)Menstrual/Estrous cycleMenstruation – Follicular phase – Ovulation – Luteal phaseGametogenesisSpermatogenesis (spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm) – Oogenesis (oogonium, oocyte, ootid, ovum) – Germ cell (gonocyte, gamete)ualityHuman ual behavior – ual intercourse – Erection – Ejaculation – Orgasm – Insemination – Fertilisation/Fertility – Masturbation – Pregnancy – Postpartum periodLifespanPrenatal development – ual dimorphism – ual differentiation – Puberty (Menarche, Adrenarche) – Maternal age / Paternal age – Climacteric (Menopause, Andropause)EggsOvum – Oviposition – Oviparity – Ovoviviparity – ViviparityReproductive endocrinologyHypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis – Andrology – HormoneRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation" Categories: Articles with unsourced quotes | Masturbation | Habits | ual acts | Human ualityHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links since November 2008 | Semi-protected | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since July 2008 | Articles needing additional references from March 2008 Views Article Discussion View source History Personal tools Log in / create account if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changesUpload fileSpecial pages Printable version Permanent linkCite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية Беларуская Български Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 文言 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî / كوردی Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / Srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt Українська ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文   This page was last modified on 30 November 2008, at 08:48. 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